HER2 and CD24 Emerge as Promising Radiotheranostic Targets in Endometrial Cancer

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  HER2 and CD24 Emerge as Promising Radiotheranostic Targets in Endometrial Cancer Introduction Endometrial cancer, the most common gynecological cancer in developed countries, has been steadily rising in incidence worldwide. While early-stage disease often responds well to surgery and conventional therapies, advanced and recurrent cases remain challenging to treat. Over the last decade, researchers have been exploring precision oncology strategies—approaches that target specific molecular markers in cancer cells to improve outcomes. Among these emerging strategies is radiotheranostics , a cutting-edge field that combines diagnostic imaging and targeted radionuclide therapy. The idea is simple yet powerful: use the same molecule to both detect and destroy cancer cells. Recent studies highlight two promising molecular candidates for radiotheranostic development in endometrial cancer— HER2 (human epidermal growth factor receptor 2) and CD24 , a cell surface glycoprotein. In t...
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Murree Tops Rawalpindi in Dengue Cases as Attock Records Five Infections

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Murree Tops Rawalpindi in Dengue Cases as Attock Records Five Infections



Introduction

Dengue fever continues to pose a serious health threat in Pakistan, particularly in Punjab where rising cases are being reported almost daily. Recent updates from the health department have revealed that Murree has now surpassed Rawalpindi in reported dengue cases, signaling a shift in the epicenter of the outbreak. At the same time, Attock has recorded five confirmed infections, raising fresh concerns about the spread of the virus beyond the traditional hotspots. This article explores the current dengue situation, reasons for the rise, government measures, and precautionary steps that citizens can take.

Dengue Situation in Punjab

Punjab has historically been one of the provinces most affected by dengue fever. With its dense population, humid weather conditions, and inadequate waste management systems, the province creates a favorable environment for the breeding of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, the primary carrier of the dengue virus.

Health authorities have been monitoring several districts, but recent statistics highlight that Murree has unexpectedly overtaken Rawalpindi in terms of new infections. This is a worrying development, as Murree is not only a residential hub but also a popular tourist destination, which could potentially expose thousands of visitors to the virus.

Murree Tops Rawalpindi in Cases

Traditionally, Rawalpindi has remained the focal point of dengue outbreaks in Punjab due to its urban density and climate. However, in a surprising turn, Murree has now reported higher numbers than Rawalpindi.

Health experts believe that multiple factors contributed to this spike in Murree, including:

  • Tourist influx during the summer season, leading to overcrowding and unsanitary conditions.

  • Stagnant water in hilly regions due to heavy rainfall, providing breeding grounds for mosquitoes.

  • Limited healthcare infrastructure, making it difficult to conduct timely fumigation and treatment campaigns.

The situation has alarmed both residents and visitors, forcing authorities to issue advisories for tourists traveling to Murree. Preventive measures, such as the use of mosquito repellents, protective clothing, and proper sanitation, are being strongly recommended.

Rawalpindi’s Struggle Against Dengue

Although Rawalpindi has been overtaken by Murree in the number of fresh cases, it still remains a high-risk district. Hospitals across the city have set up dengue wards to accommodate patients, and fumigation campaigns are underway in various neighborhoods.

Rawalpindi’s health officials emphasize the importance of community cooperation, as government-led fumigation alone cannot stop the spread. Residents are being urged to:

  • Eliminate standing water from rooftops, flowerpots, and water tanks.

  • Regularly clean drains and sewerage systems.

  • Report suspected dengue patients to health authorities immediately.

While the city has a stronger healthcare system than Murree, the high population density continues to make Rawalpindi vulnerable to rapid dengue transmission.

Attock Records Five Infections

Adding to the concern, Attock has now reported five confirmed dengue infections. Though the number may seem small compared to Murree and Rawalpindi, health experts warn that even a handful of cases can quickly grow into an outbreak if preventive measures are ignored.

Authorities in Attock have launched awareness drives and fumigation campaigns, particularly in rural areas where healthcare facilities are limited. Early containment in Attock is seen as crucial, as unchecked spread could put thousands at risk.

Causes Behind the Surge in Dengue Cases

The rise in dengue cases across Murree, Rawalpindi, and Attock can be linked to several underlying factors:

  1. Climatic Conditions – The monsoon season brings heavy rains that create stagnant water, the perfect breeding ground for mosquitoes.

  2. Urbanization and Overcrowding – Increased population density in cities and tourist towns facilitates faster transmission.

  3. Weak Waste Management – Improper disposal of garbage and uncovered drains provide safe havens for mosquito larvae.

  4. Limited Preventive Action – While the government conducts fumigation, many households fail to implement basic precautions.

  5. Tourism Pressure – In Murree especially, the influx of visitors creates sanitation challenges that contribute to mosquito proliferation.

Government Response

The Punjab health department has stepped up its efforts in response to the rising dengue threat. Some key measures include:

  • Establishing dengue wards in government hospitals to handle the patient load.

  • Conducting indoor and outdoor spraying in high-risk neighborhoods.

  • Deploying mobile health units in remote areas, including Murree’s hilly villages.

  • Running awareness campaigns through radio, television, and social media.

  • Enforcing fines and penalties on residents and businesses that allow stagnant water to collect on their premises.

Despite these measures, experts believe that public cooperation remains the deciding factor in controlling dengue.

What Citizens Can Do to Prevent Dengue

Since dengue prevention relies heavily on eliminating mosquito breeding sites, individuals must take proactive steps to protect themselves and their families. Here are some practical precautions:

  • Use mosquito repellents on exposed skin and clothing.

  • Wear full-sleeved clothing to reduce the chances of mosquito bites.

  • Sleep under mosquito nets, especially in areas with high infection rates.

  • Dispose of stagnant water from containers, pots, and tires.

  • Cover water storage tanks properly.

  • Keep doors and windows screened or closed during early morning and evening hours when mosquitoes are most active.

By following these simple measures, households can significantly reduce their risk of infection.

Dengue Symptoms to Watch Out For

Early detection of dengue is critical for timely treatment. Citizens are advised to look out for the following symptoms:

  • High fever

  • Severe headache

  • Pain behind the eyes

  • Muscle and joint pain

  • Skin rashes

  • Nausea or vomiting

If any of these symptoms appear, patients should seek immediate medical attention instead of relying solely on home remedies. Hospitals in Murree, Rawalpindi, and Attock have been instructed to prioritize dengue patients to prevent complications.

The Way Forward

The current situation in Punjab highlights the urgent need for a long-term dengue control strategy. Seasonal campaigns alone are not enough; instead, continuous efforts must be made throughout the year. This includes:

  • Improved urban planning and drainage systems.

  • Regular vector surveillance to track mosquito breeding.

  • Stronger public health awareness programs.

  • Encouraging tourist towns like Murree to implement stricter sanitation rules.

Only a joint effort by the government, healthcare sector, and public can stop dengue from becoming a recurring crisis.

Conclusion

The fact that Murree has now topped Rawalpindi in dengue cases is a stark reminder that the virus is not confined to urban centers alone. The addition of five cases in Attock further emphasizes the need for vigilance across the province. While the government has initiated measures to contain the outbreak, the real success lies in community participation.

By adopting preventive practices, recognizing symptoms early, and ensuring better sanitation, Punjab can control the spread of dengue and protect thousands of lives. Dengue may be a seasonal threat, but with awareness and responsibility, it can be effectively managed.

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